Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

Which Mediterranean country spends the most on Research and Development (R&D) as a percentage of GDP?

 Historically, Israel has led Mediterranean countries in research and development spending, consistently dedicating a significant share of its GDP to this area. In 2021, Israel allocated 5.5% of its GDP to R&D, far surpassing France in second place, which spent 2.2%.

At the lower end of the spectrum, Cyprus, Malta, and Bosnia-Herzegovina have maintained R&D spending levels below 1% of GDP, reflecting considerable variation in investment priorities across the region.